Archive for May, 2007

Lenses that cut the “Blue”, part 2/4

Wednesday, May 30th, 2007

Lenses that cut the

Concerning visual sharpness, no differences were found when placing a yellow, brown or orange filter or a neutral filter of the same density in front of the eye.

Recently studies were made on the sensitivity to contrast, measuring the reaction time presenting reticula of a spatial frequency of less than 10 cycles per degree (angular vision) and a contrast of less than 50%. The conclusion was that reaction times are shorter when brown or yellow lenses are used instead of a neutral filter of the same density. But this difference does not exist with a contrast of more than 50% or frequencies greater than 10 cycles per degree. This agrees with the fact that visual sharpness is independent of the colour, given that in the tests the visual sharpness is very high.

In any case, in literature we will find, as always, different opinions on the advantages of yellow glasses.

There is an analogous controversy regarding stereo-sharpness but, under certain aspects, the same considerations can be repeated. But the problem remains open except in the cases where brown or orange lenses reduce the luminosity to such a level that the stereo-sharpness is altered.

To clear-up the above a research was made using lenses that cut the blue with an optical density of of 0.76 (and therefore a transmittance of 17,4%).

The stereo-sharpness has been determined by Howard Dolman’s device. Colour vision has been examined using the Test of the 100 tonalities of Farnsworth-Munsell. The results in part confirm and in part contradict the above conclusions.

Articolo Correlati: Lenses that cut the “Blue”, part 1/4

by Prof. Sergio Villani

Oculistics: the laser as a tissue welder

Sunday, May 27th, 2007

Laser tissue welderInstead of the traditional surgical thread, a laser that bonds, in 2-3 minutes, minuscule cornea borders with intraocular tissues. The new technique has been developed by a research group of the Istituto di fisica applicata (Ifac) of the Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche (Cnr) of Florence in cooperation with the Unità Oculistica of the Hospital of Prato and with the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute of Miami (the most important US clinic in this branch). The innovation allows the substitution of the traditional suture, used in cornea transplants, in cataract surgery, in the future techniques of lens refilling (replenishment of the crystal) as the definitive solution of the problem of senile nearsightedness.
“At this time, at the Ospedale of Prato - explains Roberto Pini of the Ifac-Cnr - we perform cornea transplants only with the laser: a laser at femtoseconds (ultra-short pulses) cuts the cornea while the diode laser produces the suture of the transplanted borders without the need for scalpels or surgical threads. The low-power diode laser, designed by CNR and manufatured by El.En. SpA of Calenzano, induces a direct bonding of the ocular tissues that contains the colagen, exploiting the natural protein as a glue activated by “heat”.
The advantages for the patient are significant: reduction of the typical suture time of 45 minutes to a few minutes; less inflamatory reactions after surgery; very much shorter healing times with better life quality and reduced hospital bills.

The new laser technique can have ample spin-offs for the treatment of nearsightedness. For this type of intervention an international license has been deposited by the researchers. Nearsightedness is a visual defect that inevtable occurs after the age of 45. It is the crystal which, when becoming harder, cannot execute the visual accomodations, i.e., it doesn’t let itself deform by the eye muscles to focus on nearby objects.
“In this case - continues Pini - the laser suture is used to realize a valve on the capsule that contains the crystal, through which we can drain its contents and replace it with a polimer that has the same characteristics of a young crystal. This surgical procedure is called lens refilling, at the same time it can resolve the cataract problem, i.e., when the crystal becomes opaque, at this time resolved by substituting of a plastic intraocular lens, which however is rigid and doesn’t allow for visual accomodation.

The results of these pre-clinic experiments have been presented in January at the most important optical-biomedical world-wide congress in California.

Source: Salute Europa of 6 February 2006

The eye as an image enhancer (3/3)

Friday, May 25th, 2007

The eye as an image enhancer, figure 4

FIGURE 4

Various authors have tried to establish the mechanisms that are responsible for the amplification and the characteristics of the amplification itself. It has been demonstrated that the gain is not constant: it is sufficient to remember the progression in darkness. And, as demonstrated by Hartline, the frequency of the nerve’s charge increases linearly when the intensity of the stimulus increases logarithmically. The amplification is greater at low levels, in respect to higher levels.

Let’s consider briefly the mechanisms that come into play. The beginning of a visual sensation is the electronic excitement of the molecule. This excitement causes a powerful resonance between 2 energy levels. A photon absorbed by a molecule of photopigment catalyzes a biochemical substance. Increasing the luminosity, reduces the catalytic gain. Also, it is predictable that the consumption of the material that can be catalyzed is higher than its production rate: in fact, to adapt to light 2-3 minutes are enough while we need 30-40 minutes to adapt to darkness.

Let’s end remembering that Rose, in his book, gives ample space to his comparisons between the eye and photodetectors, from film to image intensifiers, to cathode ray tubes. As he shows in figure 3, the eye is as sensitive as a photographic film within its range of luminosity (given that the exposure time is .1 second and the diaphram is set at F/2). Also the sensitivity of the CRT is similar to the human eye at normal levels. It is not as sensitive at low levels while it is superior at very high levels.

It is beyond discussion that the human eye is superior because of its versatility and, most of all, because it has an image processor which is the human brain.

Prof. Sergio Villani

Articoli correlati: The eye as an image enhancer (2/3)

Lenses that cut the “Blue”, part 1/4

Wednesday, May 23rd, 2007

Lenses that cut the Blue, Part 1

Brown and orange glass, also called “lenses that cut the blue, are often used for protective glasses. It is said that they absorb (and therefore don’t transmit) the UV and blue rays, thus avoiding the actinic damages to the eye and also improving contrast and depth perception.

Now, concerning UV rays, a simple spectrophotometrical test shows that they are absorbed as usual, or less. The problem is not as simple when one considers the visual performance. In fact, it depends on the spectral characteristics of the object against its background and at first sight it is hard to understand why the effect of the lens is so favourable as described in the literature.

There are situations where one can intuitively understand it. For example, the luminosity necessary to see a long-wave stimulus (pinkish) on a short-wave background (blueish) is less when a neutral filter is posed in front of the eye.

The selective filter attenuates the background, improving contrast and it may be that vision through such a filter is better than with the naked eye. For example, vision gets worse if there is a blueish stimulus on a pinkish background and one places a filter, that cuts the short-waves, in front of the eye. The effect of the “lenses that cut the blue” when looking at a b/w object is unclear.

by Prof. Sergio Villani

DIESEL’S SISTER YES SHADES - NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR A DESIGN CLASSIC

Monday, May 21st, 2007

Disel systerYes

Back to the future with a re-interpretation of the classic Sister Yes shades, entirely reconfigured for the 21st century.
Technical innovations have made these high-performance shades even more effective than their illustrious predecessors, while referencing the style features that made them so acclaimed. The original Sister Yes model caused a sensation when it was launched in 1995. At the time, sunglasses had not yet become the ultimate branded fashion accessories and for years there had been little innovation in the sector.
With their raked profile and pierced temple arms, Sister Yes presented an appealingly retro yet undeniably futuristic face to the world. Over the years, the shades became a design classic, prized by collectors and treasured by owners.
Now Sister Yes shades have re-emerged with a sleek new look. While the original style innovations mainly concentrated on the temples, this time the lenses have benefited from technological progress.
The oversized scratch-resistant lens provides maximum protection and zero distortion. The lens is cut blunt on the outside and rounded on the inside, so droplets of water flow away from the field of vision, making the shades ideal in the rain or while water-skiing.
Three metal rings which snap-fasten the arms to the lenses. This eliminates the need for screws or other ugly metal fittings, making the shades streamlined and gorgeous. The flat, non-closing temple means that they retain their ideal form whether on or off. Innovative materials used include Grilamid TR 90LX – a lightweight thermoplastic – for the temples, the pads and the inside of the fastening rings. The rings themselves are a nickel-free, hypo-allergenic
metal. And finally, the polycarbonate base 7 lenses are renowned for their optical sophistication. But that’s not all. Thanks to the range of six colour combinations, the new Sister Yes shades come in styles for every time of the day. Some fans will undoubtedly be inspired to collect the entire series.
There’s basic black for a mysterious look; black with glamorous silver detailing on the temple rings; copper and black; sophisticated deep brown with gold details; gunmetal grey with red temple arms; and smoky grey and black. Take one pair to the beach and take another to the club.
All these elements merge to ensure that perfect fit, contemporary looks and ultimate performance are combined with revered Sister Yes style. Design classics, engineered for tomorrow. Showcased for the first time during the New York fashion week, the new collection of Diesel Sister Yes will be available in all Diesel Stores as well as in selected optical and department stores worldwide from April 2007.
The DIESEL collection of sunglasses and optical frames is manufactured and distributed by the Safilo
Group.

Diesel Catalogue 

Source: Safilo press releases

The eye as an image enhancer (2/3)

Saturday, May 19th, 2007

The eye as an image enhancer figure 2

FIGURE 2

From the previous formulae one can calculate the “quantum efficiency” at various levels of light. The result is shown in figure 2. We can consider this quantum efficiency as “high” and, with a realistic approximation, constant in a vast range of luminosity. The fact that it tends to diminuish at higher levels can indicate that there are other mechanisms involved like colour vision which requires a higher energy than that required for b/w vision at lower levels.

The quantistic efficiency of the eye can also be determined through experiments. For one experiment a visor is required that behaves like an ideal system, without quantistic fluctuations of luminosity. For example, a silcon camera, able to transmit images at low levels. Assuming that the diaphram is equal to the human eye’s pupil, we ask the observer to compare a real scene with the video’s image. The distance to the scene is identical in both cases. If the observer sees the same scene in reality and through the video, the eye’s quantistic efficiency is the same as that of the camera.

Otherwise one changes the camera’s diaphram till it doesn’t look like in reality. The difference between the eye’s pupil and the diaphram can establish the relation between the number of photons and luminosity.

rose table

Let’s see the results obtained by Rose in a table, we can observe that the definition of details increases gradually with the increase of photons that come into play.

Experiences of this kind are made to measure the quantistic efficiency of photocathodes as well as to test image enhancers.

One says that they eye behaves like a photon counter because, to “feel” light while adapting to darkness (where sensitivity is highest, a few photons (also two, if certain precautions are taken). Evidently, the energy of these few photons would not be enough to execite the eye’s nerves.

Let’s make a crude example: if the tension through 1 cm of nerve’s velum is .1 Volt, whose capacity is 10 (to the -9th) Farad. The energy that comes then into play is 10 (to the -4th) erg, which, evidently, is about 10 (to the 8th) the energy of a photon in the visble spectrum.

Prof. Sergio Villani

Related articles: The eye as an image enhancer (1/3)

New frontiers for healing keratocon?

Thursday, May 17th, 2007

The new frontiers of keratocon

The keratocon is a pathology which occurs when the cornea, normally round and dome-shaped, thins and weakens in multiple points causing a progressive and significant distorsion of the image. A problem that, till today, required extremely customized contact lenses and. in advanced cases, a transplant of the cornea.
Thanks to the enormous progress made by the international scientific community, it is possible to counter this degenerative pathology with a non-invasive and pain-free treatment. The treatment provides for a consolidation and reinforcement of the collagen fibers of the cornea (cross-linking) through a sinergetic and combined action with riboflavina and UVA rays.

To contribute to the diffusion and the teaching of this new treatment, SICR -Società Italiana di Chirurgia Refrattiva, has organized on 16 December a class for ophtalmologists ed ortottists that already have been qualified by the Ministry of Health.
“A new approach for the phatologies of keraton: the treatment with C3 riboflavina“ presents to all participants the results and will offer useful indications for its correct application. The class will supply theoretical and practical instructions as well as an excercide to make sure that the new technique is understood.

Source: Salute Europa of 7 November 2006

The eye as an image enhancer (1/3)

Tuesday, May 15th, 2007

The eye as enhancer of images, fig. 1

FIGURE 1

With this post we would like to illustrate the performance of the human eye in order to demonstrate the high efficiency of the eye in a vast range of light, according to A. Rose.

Let’s start with the data obtained by Blackwell and illustrated in Figure 1; ignoring the controversies on the visual performance between 10 and 100 foot-lambert (the increase of performance due to luminosity in this range is subject of discussion).

Let’s remember the fundamental relation:

Total number of photons = N/C² k² = A k² / d² C²,

 

Which links the total number of photons necessary to see with a given contrast C, to the area A of the focus and the dimensions of the minimum detail that may be resolved, while k indicates the relation between signal and rumour (normally k is assumed to be 5)..

If the angles that adapt best to the experimental data in Figure 1 had a single inclination (i.e., 45°) we could assert that the visual system is the ideal system, and is almost only limited by quantistic radiation fluctuations. In practice there are deviations from this ideal condition, as is conceivable.

Now, to convert the data in figure 1 in “photons per cm²”, the retinal image as in figure 1, a time of visual integration of .2 seconds, a transparency of 50% of the ocular means and a 2-8mm pupil, we can exploit the formula:

C d² J n = k² = 25

 

where:

n is the photon density, in the image; J is the “quantum yield” of the eye (let’s remember that the quantistic efficiency is 100 x J %); k (set at 5) is the luminosity report between signal and rumour.

Prof. Sergio Villani

Aida Yespica testimonial of the Oxydo glasses collection

Sunday, May 13th, 2007

Testimonial Oxydo glassesThe splendid venezuelan model and show-girl Aida Yespica is the new face of the Oxydo campaign, the line of sunglasses and eyeglasses frames dedicated to trend-setters. Two unique personalities met: Aida Yespica, show-star, and Oxydo at the set of the video of “Dip it”, the new hit of the american rapper Coolio… and fell in love at first sight!
A real love at first sight between the explosive model and the fashion of the Oxydo glasses from which the images of the new campaign are crafted for the collection manufactured by the Safilo Group.

The set is Studio 57 in Milan, furbished for the occasion with a minimal scenario, the perfect frame to highlight to the max Aida’s sensuality and the stylish glamour of the Oxydo glasses that she wore. Photographer is the famous Dario Plozzer who has immortalized the two in provoking images.

The new Oxydo communication campaign is based on the sexy-charme of Aida Yespica in combination with the super-trendy look of the Oxydo glasses.
The most cool models of the new collection: “TWINTOP 4“, “XIDERAL 2” e “TWINTOP 1”, fascinating and wrapping masks in metal, underlined by a light structure in metal or illuminated by Swarovski crystals, and always with the famous “X” icon.
Besides the campaign in the most important Italian fashion magazines, Oxydo e Aida Yespica are protagonists on numerous billposts in Italian main cities and on a “cineposter” of 10 seconds in approximately 600 Italian cinemas.

The fascinating soubrette highlights the intriguing personality of the Oxydo glasses: famous in Italy, the model born in Caracas is known to the public as protagonist of the 2005 edition of the reality-show “L’isola dei Famosi” e in 2006 as first lady in the variety “E io pago!” on Canale 5 with the Compagnia del Bagaglino.

The Oxydo collection develops high levels of creativity and design that, as always, represent the determinating factors of its success.

The Oxydo glasses collection, designed by Enzo Sopracolle, is manufactured and distributed by the Safilo Group.
Safilo

Fonte: Comunicato stampa.

Humanitas Health - Eyewash: instructions for use

Friday, May 11th, 2007

Eyewash: instructions for useThey render eyes more brilliant, bring relief to reddened eyes and are used to cure congiuntivitis, cateratta and glaucoma and to fight-off allergic symptoms. Many are sold without recipe and their use is very simple but use may also become an abuse. Let’s see how to avoid their use with the help of artificail tears. We will discuss this with Dr. Fabrizio Camesasca.
Eyewashes are not all the same.
“There are various types -explains Dr. Camasca- with different actions. Essentially it is a liquid vehicle that can contain pharmaceutical substances. It is important that the eyewash has the characteristics of tears in order not to damage the eye structure, for example the cornea.
Eyewashes are used to to bring medical substances on the eye’s surface or internally, for example antbiotics and cortison, with the purpose to decongest, disinfect, counter allergies or cure diseases like glaucoma. These substances are deposited on the eye’s surface and for a certain percentage penetrate the eye through the cornea. The sclera instead does not permit penetration. A medical eyewash is instilled only on the doctor’s prescription, for a prescribed duration, remembering that these pharmaceuticals have an expiry date and their use is limited in time once opened.”
The problem of preservatives: disposable eyewashes.
The eyewashes contain preservatives that reduce the presence of bacteries caused by the contact between the bottle and the hand, the eye surface and eyelashes. These preservatives can cause allergies. To obviate this problem there are disposable eyewashes that maintain sterility and avoid the use of preservatives.

Use but do not abuse
Often abuse is made that make the eye brighter and the white whiter. “Using these eyewashes every day, even though the eye may look healthy, is certainly not healthy.“ -continues Dr. Camesasca - they keep the eye vessels in a state of continuous contraction, reducing the amount of blood that can circulate. This is especially bad when there is an infection on the eye’s surface. Even worse, when the treatment is interrupted, in response the eye vessels widen (rebound) even if only temporary. The eye reddens and the patient instills new eyewash creating a never-ending circle. It should also be considered that these bottles, when kept in the purse, become “bacterial bombs”. It is therefore better to use disposable eyewashes and use them sporadically. ”
Artificial tears
To relieve irritated eyes it is often better to resort to artificial tears, sterile solutions containing viscose substances that retain humidity on the eye’s surface. “Artificial tears -ends Dr. Caesasca- are very important to maintain the eyes in good health: no or little production of natural tears may lead in time to problems with the cornea. Besides having an anti-bacterial effect, they lubrificate the ocular surface and help to drain foreign objects. Artificial tears may be used in many situations, for example after laser surgery to correct nearsightedness, in the case of “dry eyes” (for those who wear contact lenses or women in menopause) or when the eye surface is slightly abrased by sand or dust.”

(Source: Humanitas Health of 3 november 2006)